Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

to be independently wealthy

  • 1 independently

    independently [‚ɪndɪˈpendəntlɪ]
    [act, live] de façon indépendante ; [think] par soi-même ; [research, negotiate, investigate] séparément
    • independently of sb/sth indépendamment de qn/qch
    * * *
    [ˌɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ]
    1) ( without help) de façon indépendante
    2) ( separately) individuellement, de façon indépendante
    3) ( impartially) [monitored] par une autorité extérieure

    English-French dictionary > independently

  • 2 independently

    independently [‚ɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ]
    de manière indépendante, de manière autonome;
    ∎ independently of indépendamment de;
    ∎ to be independently wealthy vivre de sa fortune personnelle

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > independently

  • 3 independently

    adverb

    they work independently — sie arbeiten unabhängig voneinander

    * * *
    adverb unabhängig
    * * *
    in·de·pend·ent·ly
    [ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli]
    1. (separately) unabhängig
    ▪ to do sth \independently of sb/sth etw unabhängig von jdm/etw tun; (not prompted by others) etw von sich dat aus tun
    2. (self-reliantly) selbstständig, ohne fremde Hilfe
    to think \independently selbstständig denken
    ▪ \independently of sth unabhängig von etw dat
    \independently of that concern, I believe that... aber ganz unabhängig davon meine ich, dass...
    * * *
    ["IndI'pendəntlɪ]
    adv
    unabhängig (of sb/sth von jdm/etw); (in attitude, spirit also) selbstständig; (on own initiative also) von allein(e); live ohne fremde Hilfe; work selbstständig

    quite independently he offered to help — er bot von sich aus seine Hilfe an

    she is independently wealthy — sie hat ein Privatvermögen

    * * *
    adverb
    * * *
    adv.
    selbstständig adv.
    selbständig (alt.Rechtschreibung) adv.
    unabhängig adv.

    English-german dictionary > independently

  • 4 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

См. также в других словарях:

  • independently wealthy — adjective Possessing enough wealth that one does not need financial support from another person and does not require income from employment. I happen to be independently wealthy, a clerk no longer …   Wiktionary

  • wealthy — adj. VERBS ▪ be, look ▪ become, grow ADVERB ▪ extremely, fairly, very, etc …   Collocations dictionary

  • wealthy — Synonyms and related words: abounding, abounding in riches, abundant, affluent, all sufficing, ample, aplenty, big rich, bottomless, bounteous, bountiful, comfortable, comfortably situated, copious, diffuse, disgustingly rich, easy, effuse,… …   Moby Thesaurus

  • independently — adv. Independently is used with these adjectives: ↑organized, ↑wealthy Independently is used with these verbs: ↑act, ↑assess, ↑conduct, ↑confirm, ↑evaluate, ↑evolve, ↑exist, ↑function, ↑ …   Collocations dictionary

  • Le Juif errant — (The Wandering Jew) is an 1844 novel by Eugène Sue. Publication Le Juif errant was a serially published novel, which attained great popularity in Paris, and beyond. Its publication, and that of its predecessor Les Mystères de Paris , greatly… …   Wikipedia

  • Robert McMahon — a.k.a. Frenchy a.k.a. Bobby McMahon (Wantagh, New York July 24, 1936 ndash; Flatlands, Brooklyn, Mill Basin, Brooklyn, May 16, 1979) was the night shift Air France cargo handling supervisor at JFK Airport from 1957 to his death in 1979. He helped …   Wikipedia

  • rich — Synonyms and related words: abounding, abounding in riches, absurd, abundant, achingly sweet, adipose, affluent, agreeable, agreeable sounding, all sufficing, ambrosial, ample, amusing, aplenty, appealing, arabesque, ariose, arioso, aromatic,… …   Moby Thesaurus

  • independent — [[t]ɪ̱ndɪpe̱ndənt[/t]] ♦ independents 1) ADJ: oft ADJ of/from n If one thing or person is independent of another, they are separate and not connected, so the first one is not affected or influenced by the second. Your questions should be… …   English dictionary

  • Uthman ibn Affan — For other uses of the name, see Uthman. Uthman ibn Affan Caliph Uthman s empire at its peak, 655. Thu Al Nurayn Reign …   Wikipedia

  • Uthman Ibn Affan — ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān (Arabic: ar. عثمان بن عفان) (c. 579 July 17 656) was one of the sahaba (companions). An early convert to Islam, he played a major role in early Islamic history, most notably as the third Caliph of the Rashidun Empire (644 to… …   Wikipedia

  • Thrones, Dominations — infobox Book | name = Thrones, Dominations title orig = translator = image caption = Early paperback edition cover author = Dorothy L. Sayers also Jill Paton Walsh cover artist = country = United Kingdom language = English series = Lord Peter… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»